Exodus 20:5 is one of those verses people get stuck on. God calls himself jealous and says he punishes the children for the sin of the fathers, to the third and fourth generation. Read cold, it sounds like God holds a grudge across a family line. Dr. Daniel Kim walks me through it. His starting point is the setting: these are the Ten Commandments, Israel has just come out of Egypt, and God is forming a nation whose allegiance belongs to him alone. The first four commandments are vertical, between the people and God, and the one about honoring parents is the first that’s horizontal.

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